30 Things To Know About Teaching and Learning: UGC NET Paper-1
Introduction
This article/blog is specifically
designed to discuss and define some useful terminologies frequently asked in the
Idea
Idea means a plan, formulated thought, opinion, or suggestion, especially about what to do in a particular situation.
Fact
- Fact is a truth known by actual experience or observation.
- Fact is something known to be true.
Principles
· Principle means a
basic general law.
· A principle is a
kind of rule, belief, or idea that guides you.
· A principle is a good behavior rule based on what a person believes is right.
Process
· Process means a
series of actions for a particular purpose.
· Process is a
series of changes that happen naturally.
· A process is a
series of progressive and interdependent steps by which an end is attained.
· A process is a
series or set of activities that interact to produce a result.
Method
· Method means a
way of doing something.
· Method refers to
a settled procedure, usually according to a definite, established,
logical, or systematic plan.
· A method is a
procedure or process for attaining an object.
· Method, mode, and way
imply a manner in which a thing is done or in which it happens.
Approach
· Approach means to
come near or nearer to somebody/ something.
· An approach is a
way of dealing with somebody/ something.
· An approach means
to begin dealing with a problem or situation.
Event
An event is
something that happens especially something important and unusual.
Observation
· Observation is
the activity of paying close attention to someone or something to get
information in numerical form.
· Observations can
be overt (subjects know they are being observed) or covert (do not know they
are being watched).
Rapport
· Rapport is a
friendly relationship in which people understand each other well.
· Rapport is a
relationship characterized by agreement, mutual understanding, or empathy.
· Rapport is a good
sense of understanding and trust.
· Rapport means
harmonious accord or relation that fosters cooperation, communication, or trust.
· Rapport can be
built by showing a personal interest in the customer. For example, if a
customer says, he has been in hospital, ask him how the recovery is going.
Teaching
Teaching is fundamentally a process,
including planning, implementation, evaluation, and revision.
Click the link to watch the video on Teaching Aptitude
The
4(four) components of the teaching-learning process are (a) curriculum (b)
classroom environment (c) learner (d) teaching technology
The teaching-learning process or the education process
The teaching-learning or the
education process refers to a systematic, sequential, planned course of action
for the teacher and learner to achieve teaching and learning outcomes.
The
five steps in the teaching-learning process are (a) Engage (b)
Explore (c) Explain (d) Elaborate (e) Evaluate
Teaching-learning
methods
I. The Teacher-centered teaching approach includes (a) Guided
instruction (b) A Just-in-time teaching method
II.
Student-centered teaching approach includes (a) Interactive
lectures (b) Experiential learning
Learner characteristics that don’t impact/influence teaching
· The skin color
· Non-transferable
· Parent’s interests
· Socio-economic background
· Size of the family
· Physical appearance
· Cognitive development means how children think, explore, and figure things out.
· Cognitive development is the development of knowledge, skills, problem-solving, and dispositions, which help children to think about and understand the world around them.
Meta-cognition
· The father of meta-cognition is John Flavell.
· Meta-cognition means learning to learn.
· Meta-cognition is the process of thinking about one’s own thinking and learning.
· Meta-cognition is the process of thinking and analyzing what, how, and why you think.
· Meta-cognition is about an individual’s capability to analyze their thinking patterns.
Piaget’s theory of Cognitive development
Piaget’s theory of Cognitive development states that as children’s thinking develops from one stage to the next, their behavior also changes, reflecting the cognitive developments.
· Accommodation
refers to the tendency to adjust to a new object to change one’s
understanding to fit in the new object.
· Accommodation
involves altering existing ideas or schemas due to new experiences.
Assimilation
Assimilation is the understanding of new objects or ideas with the
existing capacity of understanding.
Both are part of Piaget’s idea of adaptation, or how
children learn about and categorize the world.
Click the link to learn about the Teaching models
Morrison’s
teaching model
· Henry Clinton Morrison developed an approach to learning in which
material is organized into units, that students must master to progress to
the next level.
· The unit approach of Morrison is based on unit planning and transaction.
- The correct sequence of five steps in Morrison’s teaching model at the understanding level is (a) Exploration (b) Presentation (c) Assimilation (d) Organization (e) Recitation
· The Morrison approach is a revolutionary approach to
teaching that allows for personalized learning, critical thinking, and active
participation in the learning process.
Education
Education is an enlightening process
of receiving and providing knowledge through systematic instruction.
Father/mother of all learning------ Repetition
Author
of the book of learning ------- ER Murray
The
first man to write lesson books for children ------ Aldhelm
Knowledge
· Knowledge means
information, understanding, and skills gained through learning or
experience.
· Knowledge is the
state of knowing about a particular act or situation.
Attitude
· Attitude refers
to an expression of the way one feels.
· Attitude focuses on
how one feels.
Behavior
· Behaviour is the way
that someone acts.
· Behaviour deals
with one’s actions.
Synchronous
Synchronous means existing or occurring at the same time.
Learning
· Learning is acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills,
values, attitudes, and preferences.
· Learning ability
is possessed by humans, animals, machines, and plants.
Learning
of education
Learning is an intellectual
process of acquiring new skills and knowledge, through experience, study, or
teaching.
Click the link to learn about Learning-1
Assessment
· Assessment is the
systematic basis for making inferences about the learning and development of
students.
· Assessment is the
process of defining, selecting, designing, collecting, analyzing, interpreting,
and using information to increase student’s learning and development.
Click the link to learn about the Types of assessment
ICT
Memory
·
Memory is the process of taking in
information from the world around us, processing it, storing it, and later
calling that information, sometimes many years later.
·
The term memory is often synonymous with
the term primary storage or main memory.
Click the link to learn about the Types of computer memory ICT-1
Emoticon
· An emoticon, short for “emotion icon”, is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using characters, usually punctuation marks, numbers, and letters-to express a person’s feeling, mood, or reaction, without needing to describe it in detail.
· An emoticon is a symbol, the most often used in computed–mediated communications.
· Emoticons show your feelings when you send an e-mail or text message.
Big data
· Big data is data that contains greater variety, arriving in increasing volumes and with more velocity.
· Big data describes a large, hard-to-manage volume of data (structured and unstructured).
· Big data includes words, sounds, and images.
Small data
Small data are slow and sampled.
Click the link to learn about Higher Education-1 Higher Education-2
Autocrats
Click the link to learn about the Types of autocrats
Theory
· Theory is the
general idea or principles of a particular subject.
· Theory refers to
an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events.
· Theory is a
rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon or results of such
thinking.
· A theory is an
attempt to explain why and to provide understanding.
· Theories may be
scientific, non-scientific, or of no discipline.
Assumption
· Assumption (belief) means something you accept is true even though you have no proof.
· An assumption is an unexamined belief.
· Synonyms of assumption are supposition, acceptance, belief, expectation, and guess.
Hypothesis
· A hypothesis is
an assumption that is made based on some evidence.
·A hypothesis explains something that has yet to be proven.
· A simple
hypothesis is a statement made to reflect the relation between exactly two
variables (independent variable and dependent variable). For example, smoking is
a prominent cause of lung cancer.
· Research hypothesis
is a statement that introduces a research question and proposes an expected
result.
Click the link to learn about Hypothesis-1
Sample
A sample is a subset of individuals from
a larger population.
Sampling
· Sampling means
selecting the group you will collect data from in your research.
· Types of sampling
includes (a) Random Sampling (b) Block Sampling (c) Judgment Sampling (d)
Systematic Sampling
Block sampling
·
Block sampling is a technique used in auditing, where a sequential series of selections is made.
·
Block sampling approach is
very efficient because a large cluster or document can be pulled from one
location.
Click the link to learn about the Types of Sampling
Probability and Non-probability Sampling
7 Types of Non-probability Sampling
Percentile score
A Percentile score is a comparison score
between a particular score and the scores of a group.
Scale
A scale is a device or object used to measure or quantify any event
or another object.
Scales of
measurement
Scales of measurement are how variables
are defined and categorized.
Click the link to learn about Scales of measurement
Communication
· Communication has
been derived from the Latin word “communicare” which means to impart, participate, or transmit.
· The word “communicare”
is derived from the root “communis” which means to make common or to share (common
understanding).
· Communication is sharing or exchanging information, ideas, or feelings.
Click the link to learn about Types of communication
Synchronous communication
- Synchronous communication is real-time communication where you can exchange information with others immediately.
- Synchronous communication requires an immediate response.
Asynchronous
communication
· Asynchronous
communication means interaction without real-time conversation – replies can be
delayed. For example: E-Mail.
· Not real-time
· No immediate
feedback
· Some examples are
e-mail, message text, recorded classroom, blogs, discussion boards, and Vlog
Model of communication
Linear
communication model
· Linear
communication model is one way.
· There is no
feedback
· Components of Linear
communication model are sender, encoding(words, pictures, symbols), and
decoding.
· Some common
examples of linear communication models are newspaper, radio, TV, and magazine.
Transactional
communication model
· The transactional communication model is a two-way communication model.
· Both give and
take take place (exchange or transactional).
· Synchronous in
nature
· There is an immediate
feedback
Interactive
communication model
· Interactive
communication model is a new communication technique.
· Asynchronous in
nature
· There is feedback
after a delay
Characteristics
of effective communication
· Characteristics of effective communication are clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent,
complete, and courteous.
· Two-way process
· Exchange of ideas
takes place
· Continuous process
· Use of words as
well as symbols
· Communication is
all-pervasive
· Mutual understanding
· Four key communication components are encoding, transmission medium, decoding,
and feedback.
Some positive attitudes of a good communicator are:
· Letting others
know you care about their well-being.
· Empathetic is
very useful in conflict resolution because it can allow you to imagine what
others are feeling and understand their actions.
Click the link to learn about Barriers to communication
Study
·
Study refers to the activity or process
of learning about something by reading, memorizing facts, and attending
schools.
· The process of studying entails applying the mind to acquire knowledge, such as through observation, understanding, and imagining possible applications of the knowledge.
Click the link to learn about Types of study
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