Computer/IT for class 11 Students
Introduction
In this article, you will be able to know and learn about some essential terminologies, MCQ, and Q&A that are frequently asked while learning and teaching class 11 computer science. The article includes Computer Systems (Chapter 1), Encoding Schemes And Number System (Chapter 2), Emerging Trends (Chapter 3), Introduction To Problem-Solving (Chapter 4), Getting Started with Python (Chapter 5), Flow of Control (Chapter 6), Functions (Chapter 7), Strings (Chapter 8), Lists (Chapter 9), Tuples and Dictionaries (Chapter 10), and Societal Impact (Chapter 11).
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Computer
A computer is an electronic device programmed to accept data (input), process it, and generate results (output).
CPU
· CPU stands for
Central Processing Unit.
· CPU is also known
as a microprocessor.
· CPU is commonly
called processor.
· CPU is usually
referred to as the brain of the computer.
· CPU is the
electronic circuitry of a computer that carries out the actual processing.
· A CPU can be
placed on one or more microchips called IC.
CU
· CU stands for
Control Unit.
· CU controls
sequential instruction execution, interprets instructions, and guides data flow
through the computer’s memory, ALU, and input or output devices.
Machine language
Machine language or low-level language refers to the language of 0’s and 1’s that computers understand.
Programming language
Programming language refers to the language used to specify a set of instructions to the computer.
Program
A program refers to an ordered set of
instructions executed by a computer to carry out a specific task.
Source code
Source code refers to a program written
in a high-level language.
Compiler
· A compiler is a unique program that translates the entire source code into object code or
machine code or byte code.
· A compiler, after
scanning the whole program, generates error messages, if any.
Interpreter
· An interpreter is
a computer that directly executes instructions into machine language so that
they can be understood by the computer.
· An interpreter
processes the program statements one by one, first translating and then
executing. This process is continued until an error is encountered or the whole
program is executed successfully.
· The Python interpreter
is also called Python shell.
Python
· Python is a high-level programming language.
· Python is a free
and open-source language.
· Python is an
interpreted language which means Python programs are executed by an interpreter.
· Python programs
are easy to understand.
· Python programs
have a clearly defined syntax and relatively simple structure.
· Python is
portable and platform-independent which means it can run on various operating
systems and hardware platforms.
· Python has a rich
library of predefined functions.
· Python uses
indentation for blocks and nested blocks.
Comments
· Python comments refer to statements used to add a remark or a note in the source code.
· Comments are not executed by the interpreter.
· Comments are added with the purpose of making the source code easier for humans to understand.
Keywords
Keywords are reserved words and have a
specific meaning to the Python interpreter.
Identifiers
Identifiers refer to names used to
identify a variable and function.
Variable
· Variable in
Python refers to an object (an item or element stored in the memory).
· Value of a
variable can be a string, numeric, or any combination of alphanumeric
characters.
Data
type
· Data type
identifies the type of data values a variable can hold and the operations that
can be performed on that data.
· Every value
belongs to a specific data type in Python.
Number
data type
· Number data type
stores numerical values only.
· Number data type
is classified into three different types int, float, and complex.
Python
sequence
· Python sequence
refers to an ordered collection of items, where each item is indexed by an
integer.
· The three types
of sequence data types available in Python are strings, lists, and tuples.
Strings
· Strings refer to
a group of characters. These characters may be alphabets, digits, or special
characters including spaces.
· String values are
enclosed either in single or double quotation marks.
List
A list refers to a sequence of items
separated by commas and the items are enclosed in square brackets.
Tuple
· Tuple is a
sequence of items separated by commas and items are enclosed in parenthesis ().
· Tuple once
created, cannot be changed.
Set
· Set refers to an
ordered collection of items separated by commas and the items are enclosed in
curly brackets { }.
· A set cannot have
duplicate entries.
· Elements of a set
once created, cannot be changed.
None
· None is a special
data type with a single value.
· None is used to
signify the absence of value in a situation.
· None supports no
special operations, and it is neither the same as False nor 0 (zero).
Mapping
· Mapping refers to
an unordered data type in Python.
· Dictionary is the
only standard mapping data type in Python.
Dictionary
· Dictionary in Python
holds data items in key-value pairs.
· Dictionaries
permit faster access to data.
· Items in a dictionary
are enclosed in curly brackets {}.
· The key: value
pairs of a dictionary can be accessed using the key.
· Every key is
separated from its value using a colon (:) sign.
Mutable
variables
· Mutable variables
refer to variables whose values can be changed after they are created and
assigned.
· Some mutable data
types are lists, sets, and dictionaries.
Immutable
variables
· Immutable
variables refer to variables whose values cannot be changed after they are
created and assigned.
· Some immutable
data types are Integers, Float, Boolean, Complex, Strings, and Tuples.
Operand
Operands refer to the values that the
operators work on.
Immutable string
An immutable string means that the content of the string cannot be changed after it has been created.
Catenation
Catenation refers to the joining of two strings by using the ‘+’ symbol.
Repetition
Repetition means repeating the given string by using the ‘*’ symbol.
Slicing
In Python, slicing is used to access some parts of the string and sub-string.
Module
A module is a grouping of functions.
String
· A string is a sequence that is made up of one or more Unicode characters.
· In Python, a string can be created by enclosing one or more characters in single, double, or triple quotes.
Flow of execution
· Flow of execution refers to the order in which the statements in the program are executed.
· The Python interpreter starts executing the instructions in a program.
Scope of variable
The variable's scope refers to the part of the program where the variable is accessible.
Global variable
A global variable refers to a variable that has global scope.
Local variable
· Local variable refers to a variable that has local scope.
· A local variable is defined inside any function.
Built-in-function
Built-in functions are the readymade Python functions frequently used in programs.
Function
· Function is a named group of instructions that can accomplish a specific task when it is invoked.
· A function can be called repeatedly from different places in the program.
Argument in function
An argument in a function is a value passed to the function during the function call which is received in the corresponding parameter defined in the function header.
Default parameter
A default parameter or value refers to a value that is pre-decided and assigned to the parameter when the function called doesn’t have its corresponding argument.
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