The UGC NET Types of Research (Paper-1)
Introduction
In this article, you will be able to know
and learn about some important terminologies, and MCQs that are frequently
asked in the UGC NET Types of research paper-1.
Search means to examine closely and
carefully.
Research
· Research refers
to a diligent and systematic inquiry or investigation into a subject to discover or revise facts, theories, and applications.
· Research is the
careful, patient, and systematic study of some field of knowledge undertaken to
generalize facts.
· Research is an investigation
or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision
of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical
application of such new or revised theories or laws.
· Research is a
studious inquiry or examination.
· Research means to
search or investigate exhaustively.
· Research is an intensive
and purposeful search for knowledge and understanding of social and physical
phenomena.
· The three common
approaches to conducting research are quantitative, qualitative, and mixed
methods.
· Basic types of
research studies are case studies, correlational studies, longitudinal studies, and experimental, and clinical trial studies.
· Research methods are the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze
data (experiments, surveys, and statistical tests).
· Qualitative
research involves the studied use and collection of various empirical materials-
case studies, personal experience, introspective, life story, interview,
observational, historical interactional, and visual texts- that describe
routine and problematic moments and meanings in individual lives.
· Qualitative
research is used to understand people’s beliefs, experiences, attitudes,
behavior, and interactions.
· Qualitative
research generates non-numerical data.
· Qualitative
research focuses on obtaining data through open-ended and conversational
communication.
· Four criteria widely used to appraise the trustworthiness of qualitative research
are credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability.
QDA is the process of organizing,
analyzing, and interpreting qualitative data- non-numeric, conceptual
information, and user feedback- to capture themes and patterns, answer research
questions, and identify actions to take to improve your product or website.
Quantitative research
·
Quantitative research is based on numbers data.
·
Quantitative research is done to prove
something.
·
Quantitative research is a case of
structured or planned research.
·
Quantitative research applies deductive
application.
·
Quantitative research is used for
generalization (deals with general problems).
·
Quantitative research is based on a large
sample size (superficial data collection).
·
Quantitative research is detached from the study.
·
Quantitative research is very objective.
·
Quantitative research always stays away
from the details.
Rigor
of analysis
The rigor of analysis in qualitative
research can be described as ensuring that the research design, method, and
conclusions are explicit, public, replicable, open to critique, and free of
bias.
Coherence
· Coherence is an
essential quality for good academic writing.
· Coherence
describes the fit between the aim, the philosophical perspective adopted, the researcher's role in the study, and the methods of investigation,
analysis, and evaluation undertaken by the researcher.
Historical
research
· Historical
research or historiography refers to an attempt to systematically recapture the
complex nuances, the people, meanings, events, and even ideas of the past that
have influenced and shaped the present.
· Historical
research is the systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related
to past occurrences to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or
trends of those events which may help to explain present events and anticipate
future events.
· Historical
researchers often use documentary, biographical, oral history, and archival
methods.
· Some examples of
primary sources of historical research include diaries, journals, speeches,
interviews, letters, memos, photographs, videos, public opinion polls, and
government records.
· Types of criticism
in historical research are source criticism, form criticism, redaction criticism,
tradition criticism, and radical criticism.
Internal
criticism in history
· Internal
criticism in history is also called higher criticism.
· Internal
criticism is concerned with the validity, credibility, or worth of the content
of the document.
· Internal
criticism begins once the sources are verified for their authenticity and
genuineness.
· In internal
criticism, researchers need to determine if the content is accurate.
External
criticism
· External
criticism refers to the authenticity of the document.
· External
criticism authenticates evidence and establishes texts in the most accurate
possible form.
· External
criticism is an investigation of the development of past events and their
impact on the present and future.
· In external
criticism, researchers must determine if the document is genuine.
· External
criticism depends on both primary and secondary data.
· External
criticism includes examining documents like manuscripts, books, pamphlets,
maps, inscriptions, and monuments.
· External
criticism saves the researcher from forgeries, garbled documents, partial
texts, plagiarism, ghostwriters, and interpolations.
Applied research
·
Applied research is used for solving
problems.
·
Applied research is practical in nature.
·
Applied research is used for
generalization (deals with general problems).
·
Applied research is done by a researcher
or an expert.
·
A common example of applied research
is the ragging problem in schools and colleges.
Action research
·
Action research is a type of applied
research only.
·
Action research is done for local
problems.
·
Action research is done by practitioners,
teachers, and principals.
·
In this case, no generalization is done.
Fixed research
·
Fixed research is quantitative in nature.
·
Fixed research is a type of structured
research.
Scientific research
Scientific
research is pre-planned, no-flexibility, and rigid.
Mixed research
·
Mixed research is a combination of
qualitative research and quantitative research.
·
Mixed research is based on practical
situations.
·
In mixed research, there is no
triangulation.
Inductive research
·
Inductive research is used for discovery.
·
No prior knowledge is required.
·
Inductive research works on a particular
case, pattern, or innovation.
·
Inductive research is not scientific.
·
Inductive research is qualitative, and
spiral in nature.
·
Flexibility and no generalization
Deductive research
·
Deductive research is done to prove
something.
·
Deductive research is done for knowledge.
Narrative research
Narrative
research deals with a person's life story, how a person views the world,
autobiography, and a real story or a literary story.
Exploratory research
·
Exploratory research is used to explore
something.
·
Exploratory research is used for a new
situation or formulation.
·
Exploratory research develops a
hypothesis.
·
Exploratory research is non-conclusive in
nature.
In exploratory research, only an initial study is done.
Expost
facto research
· Expost facto
research was given by Kerlinger in 1964.
· In Expost facto
research, a researcher cannot manipulate or modify actions.
· Expost facto
research focuses on how actions that have already occurred can predict certain
causes.
· Expost facto
research is a type of research design in which the investigation starts after
the fact has occurred without interference from the researcher.
· In Expost facto
research, the independent variable or variables have already occurred, and the researcher
starts with the observation of a dependent variable or variables.
Survey
A survey is a method of gathering information using relevant questions from a sample of people with the aim of understanding populations as a whole.
Survey
research
Survey research is the process of
conducting research using surveys that researchers send to survey respondents.
Experiment
An experiment is a research method that
incorporates scientific procedures to test a hypothesis, discover new insights, or demonstrate established facts.
Experimental
studies
· Experimental
designs are also called randomized experiments.
· Experimental
studies are studies where researchers introduce an intervention and study the
effects.
· Experimental
studies are randomized meaning the subjects are grouped by chance.
· The different
types of experimental studies are pre-experimental research design, true
experimental research design, and quasi-experimental research design.
· Some essential
characteristics of Experimental studies/ research are control, manipulation,
observation, and replication.
Ethical
theories and approaches in research
· Deontology
· Utilitarianism
· Universalism
· Ethical
relativism
· Rights
· Virtue
· Morality
· Justice and care
Deontology
· Deontology is
associated with the philosopher Immanuel Kant.
· Deontology refers
to the study of the nature of duty and obligation.
· Deontology is an
ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong.
· Some common
ethical actions that follow universal moral laws are Don’t lie, Don’t steal,
and Don’t cheat.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is the belief that the
right course of action is the one that will give the greatest happiness to the
greatest number of people.
Universalism
in research methods
· The father of universalism in research methods is
John Murray (1741-1815) and Elhanan Winchester (1751-1797).
· Universalism in
research methods refers to the principle that a given value, behavior, theory, or treatment will be the same across all groups independent of culture, race,
ethnicity, gender, and other social identities.
Ethical
relativism
Ethical relativism is the doctrine that
there are no absolute truths in ethics and that what is morally right or wrong
varies from person to person or from society to society.
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