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Friday, December 5, 2025

11 Major Contributions in Education

 11 Major Contributions in Education

Introduction

In this blog/article, you will learn about some major contributions of Thinkers and Psychologists frequently asked in CTET, VBU B.Ed., and UGC NET exams. This article outlines many optimization strategies to boost your teaching.



Lev Vygotsky contributed

·       Socio-cultural theory of cognitive development

Social interaction, culture, and language are critical for a child’s learning and development.

·       Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

ZPD is the gap between what a child can achieve independently and what they can accomplish with the guidance of a more knowledgeable person.

·       Inner speech

Lev Vygotsky explored the role of language in internalizing and used for cognitive processing and self-guidance.

·       Scaffolding

The process of providing temporary support to help learners master tasks.




Jean Piaget contributed

·       Theory of cognitive development

This theory identifies four stages of a child’s development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

·       Jean Piaget has given the concept of constructivism

Children actively construct their knowledge through experience.

Jean Piaget laid the foundation for developmental psychology and emphasized the importance of child-centred learning.


Monday, September 22, 2025

5 Types of Learning and Teaching


Learning and Teaching 

Introduction

In this blog/article, you will learn about some important terminologies and topics of Learning and Teaching frequently asked in CTET, VBU B.Ed., and UGC NET exams. There are many optimization strategies to boost your teaching, which this article will outline.


Socrates

According to Socrates, smart people learn from everything and everyone, average people learn from their experiences, but those who are considered stupid already have all the answers.

·       According to Plato, teaching is the process of guiding students towards objective knowledge through the reasoned understanding of truth.

·       According to Confucius, teaching is defined as the process of leading toward self-cultivation.

·       According to B.O Smith, teaching is a system of actions designed to induce learning.

·       According to N.L Gage, teaching is an interpersonal influence aimed at changing the behaviour potential of another person.

·       According to HC Morrison, teaching is an intimate contact between the more mature personality and a less mature one.

·       According to Jackson, teaching is a face-to-face encounter between two or more persons, one of whom (the teacher) intends to effect certain changes in other participants (students).

·       According to Skinner, teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement.


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Learning       Teaching    Teaching variables & Teaching methods     Teaching skills

MCQ1      MCQ2     intelligence     creativity     Thinking




Wednesday, July 23, 2025

5 Types of Assessment for Learning

 Assessment for Learning

Introduction

In this blog/article, you will learn about some important terminologies and topics of Assessment for Learning frequently asked in CTET, VBU B.ED, and UGC NET exams. There are many optimization strategies to boost your teaching, which this article will outline.




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Tuesday, June 10, 2025

7 facts on curriculum

 7 facts on curriculum 

Introduction

In this blog/article, you will learn about some important terminologies and topics of Knowledge and Curriculum frequently asked in CTET, VBU B.Ed, and UGC NET exams. There are many optimization strategies to boost your teaching, which this article will outline and help you understand.


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Friday, November 29, 2024

100 Aviation MCQs for Competitive Exams

 100 Aviation MCQs for Competitive Exams

Introduction

In this blog/article, you will learn about some important terminologies and topics frequently asked about in aviation exams. This article will outline many optimization strategies to boost your aviation and scientific knowledge.


12 Aviation MCQs Part-1
12 English Idioms for Aviation






Friday, November 8, 2024

100 Computer MCQs for Competitive Exams

 100 Computer MCQs for Competitive Exams

Introduction

In this blog/article, you will learn about some important terminologies, and computer topics frequently asked in BTET and UGC NET exams. There are many optimization strategies to boost your teaching, which this article will outline.

Computer MCQs Part 1
Computer MCQs Part 2
Computer MCQs Part 3










Thursday, November 7, 2024

14 MCQs on Higher Education

 14 MCQs on Higher Education

Introduction

In this blog/article, you will learn about some important terminologies, and topics of Higher Education frequently asked in CTET, VBU B.ED, and UGC NET exams. There are many optimization strategies to boost your teaching, which this article will outline.

Higher Education in India







Monday, November 4, 2024

Contemporary India and Education

 Introduction

In this blog/article, you will learn about some important terminologies, and topics of Contemporary India and Education frequently asked in CTET, VBU B.ED, and UGC NET exams. There are many optimization strategies to boost your teaching, which this article will outline.


Contemporary India and Education





Saturday, September 28, 2024

5 Topics of VBU Bed

 Introduction

In this blog/article, you will learn about some important terminologies, and topics of Childhood and Growing up frequently asked in CTET, VBU B.ED, and UGC NET exams. There are many optimization strategies to boost your teaching, which this article will outline.

Infanthood to Adulthood



Childhood and Late Childhood


Adolescence (Part-1)

Adolescence (Part-2)


Adolescence (Part 3)
Depression in adolescence 

Adolescence (Part 4)


Growth and Development (Part-1)


Growth and Development (Part 2)


Growth and Development (Part 3)

The concept of socialization

Teaching Methods
hing Methods 


Tuesday, September 17, 2024

10 Things to know About Child Development and Pedagogy

Introduction

In this blog/article, you will learn about some important terminologies and topics of child development and pedagogy frequently asked in CTET, B.Ed., and NET exams. This article outlines many optimization strategies to boost your teaching.


Horace Mann

Horace Mann is often referred to as the Father of American Education.

Lord Macaulay

Lord Macaulay is known as the father and founder of the current education system.

Lord Macaulay is also known as the father of modern education in India.

Friedrich Fröbel is known as the father of the kindergarten.

W.H. Killpatrick is known as the father of the project method.

Maria Montessori is known as the mother of the Montessori method.

Henry Edward Armstrong is known as the father of the Heuristic method

Helen Parkhurst is known as the mother of the Dalton method.

Franklin Bobbit is recognized as the founder of modern curriculum theory.

Edward L Thorndike is known as the father of educational psychology.

·       Plato is widely considered the father of educational philosophy.

Charles Spearman proposed the two-factor theory of intelligence.

Wolfgang Kohler has given the insight theory of learning. The Insight theory of learning is also known as the Gestalt theory of learning

Edward L.Thorndike has proposed the trial-and-error theory

Bruner’s theory is associated with discovery learning

Maslow is related to the self-actualization theory

Lev Vygotsky is associated with the social constructivist approach to learning

Jean Piaget is associated with the cognitive constructivist approach to learning

Pavlov and Skinner proposed the Behaviourist theory of learning

Pavlov is related to the classical conditioning theory

Skinner is associated with the operant conditioning theory

Bacon said, Mathematics is the door and key of science.

Benjamin Peirce said, Mathematics is a science which draws necessary conclusions

Armstrong has given the Heuristic method.

·       Ovide Decroly is widely recognized as the father of inclusive education.

·       John Dewey said, "A just society begins in a classroom where questions are welcomed".

·       According to Plato, teaching is the process of guiding students towards objective knowledge through the reasoned understanding of truth.

·       According to Confucius, teaching is defined as the process of leading toward self-cultivation.

·       According to B.O Smith, teaching is a system of actions designed to induce learning.

·       According to N.L Gage, teaching is an interpersonal influence aimed at changing the behaviour potential of another person.

·       According to HC Morrison, teaching is an intimate contact between the more mature personality and a less mature one.

·       According to Jackson, teaching is a face-to-face encounter between two or more persons, one of whom (the teacher) intends to effect certain changes in other participants (students).

·       According to Skinner, teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement.

Pedagogy

·       The father of modern Pedagogy is Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. His immense contribution is in establishing the scientific foundations of the teaching-learning process.

·       Pedagogy and Pedagogue come from the Greek Paidos “boy, child” plus agogos “leader”.

·       Pedagogy is the method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept.

·       Pedagogy is the “art”, science, or profession of teaching.


Pedagogy of Mathematics

·       Pedagogy of Mathematics means the science of teaching Mathematics.

·       Pedagogy of Mathematics refers to the methods and strategies used to effectively teach mathematical concepts.

·       Pedagogy of Mathematics encompasses the theory and practice of teaching Mathematics, including the specific interactions between teachers and students, selection and presentation of content, and the use of various teaching approaches and resources. 

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Key features of the Mathematics Pedagogy         Mathematics

Types of mathematics teaching


Pedagogy of Physical Science 

The Pedagogy of Physical Science refers to the theory and practice of teaching physical science, focusing on the methods, strategies, and principles for effective science education.


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Fluency

Fluency means having an easy and smooth flow and rhythm when speaking.

Social interaction

·       Social interaction is how we act and react to those around us.

·       Social interaction includes those acts people/children perform toward each other and the responses they give in return.

·       As children grow and learn, they require social interactions with others to form a sense of self and to develop their cognitive, emotional, and language skills.

·       Some common examples of social interaction are peer groups, buying food from a street vendor, and family members engaged in a conversation.

Heuristic method

·       Heuristic method is a method of teaching that involves placing of children as far as possible in the attitude of a discoverer.

·       In the Heuristic method, the student has to find the answer to his/her problem by unaided efforts.

Piaget's Inductive Logic

Inductive logic refers to the process of drawing a general principle from a specific experience.

Piaget's Conservation

Conservation means that when something changes in shape or appearance, it remains the same.

Piaget theory on cognitive development


3 ways to educate intellectually and academically advanced children than their peers

Lawrence Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning

Describe the Kohlberg's theory of moral development.  VBU Bed 2019-21

Language disorder

A Language disorder is an impairment of comprehension and/or use of a spoken, written, and/or other symbol system. It may involve language's form, content, and/ or function.

Speech disorder

A speech disorder is impaired voice, articulation or speech sounds, and/ or fluency.

Dysarthria

Dysarthria is a Speech disorder caused by muscle weakness (including face, lips, tongue, and throat) controlled by the nervous system.

Apraxia

Apraxia is defined as a speech disorder when the neural path between the nervous system and the muscles responsible for speech production is obscured or lost.

Lisping

A lisping speech disorder is defined as the incapability of producing sibilant consonants (z or s) correctly.

Cluttering

Cluttering is characterized by a patient’s speech being too jerky, too rapid, or both.

Stuttering

·       Stuttering is also called stammering and childhood-onset fluency disorder.

·       Stuttering is a speech condition that disrupts the normal flow of speech.

·       Stuttering is a neuro-developmental speech disorder that commences when neural connections supporting language, speech, and emotional functions are quickly changing, and is characterized by core behavior that usually takes the form of involuntary stoppages and repetition.

Articulation disorder

·       Articulation disorder is also called functional speech disorder or articulation delay.

·       Articulation disorder is the inability to produce sounds correctly in speech.

·       An articulation disorder involves the substitution, addition, omission, or distortion of speech sounds that may negatively impact message intelligibility, for example, producing the word [sun] as [tun].

Motor speech disorder

Motor speech disorders are associated with acquired or developmental 

neurologic  impairments such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and 

traumatic brain injury.

PYQs

1. Dysgraphia is a ..................................         CTET-2023

(a) Speech disorder characterized by stuttering and errors in articulation

(b) Locomotor disorder characterized by gross motor impairment

(c) Neurological disorder characterized by trouble in forming letters and shapes

(d) Psychological disorder characterized by lack of attention and impulsive behavior

2. While ..................... agencies of socialism are predominantly important in infancy,  ...................... agencies of socialism also become important in early childhood.                CTET-2023

(a) Tertiary, Secondary

(b) Primary, Secondary

(c) Secondary, Primary

(d) Secondary, tertiary